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Algebraic Expressions

An algebraic expression is a mathematical phrase that includes numbers, letters (called variables), and operation signs like +, −, ×, or ÷. For example: 3x + 5 or 2a − 7. It does not have an equal sign like an equation.

Angles

An angle is formed when two straight lines meet or cross at a common point called the vertex. The space between the two lines is measured in degrees (°)

Fractions

A fraction represents a part of a whole.

Geometry and Construction

Geometry and Construction is the study of shapes, lines, angles, and how to draw them accurately. It involves understanding geometric figures like triangles, circles, and polygons, and using tools such as a ruler, compass, and protractor to construct them. It helps us learn how to measure, draw, and build shapes correctly in both mathematics and real-life applications like design and engineering.

Integers

Integers are whole numbers that can be positive, negative, or zero. They do not include fractions or decimals. Examples: … -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 …

Length and Area

Length is the measurement of how long something is. It is measured in units like millimeters (mm), centimeters (cm), meters (m), or kilometers (km). Area is the amount of space covered by a flat surface. It is measured in square units like cm² or m². For example, the area of a rectangle is length × width.

Linear Equations

A linear equation is an equation where the highest power of the variable is 1. It usually has the form ax + b = c, where x is the variable. Solving a linear equation means finding the value of x that makes the equation true. Example: 2x + 3 = 11 → x = 4

Money and Taxes

Money is what we use to buy goods and services. It can be in the form of coins, notes, or digital payments. Taxes are amounts of money that people and businesses must pay to the government. Taxes are collected to help pay for public services like schools, hospitals, roads, and security.

Number Plane

The number plane, also called the Cartesian plane, is a grid used to locate points using two number lines: The horizontal line is called the x-axis. The vertical line is called the y-axis. They meet at a point called the origin (0, 0). Each point on the plane is written as an ordered pair like (x, y).

Number and Numerals

A number is a value that represents a quantity or amount (like five). A numeral is the symbol or group of symbols used to write that number (like 5 or V). So, numbers are the ideas, and numerals are how we write them.

Percentages and Applications

A percentage is a way of expressing a number as a part of 100. It is written with the % symbol. For example, 25% means 25 out of 100. Applications of percentages include calculating discounts, profits, interest, tax, and grades. Example: If a shirt costs $100 and there is a 20% discount, you save GHS 20 and pay GHS 80.

Powers of Numbers

Powers of numbers (also called exponents) show how many times a number is multiplied by itself.

Rates

A rate is a comparison between two different quantities with different units. It shows how much of one thing happens in relation to another. Example: Speed is a rate - 60 km per hour (60 km/h), Price rate - GHS 5 per kg. Rates help us understand how fast, how much, or how often something happens.

Ratio and Proportion

A ratio compares two quantities to show how much of one thing there is compared to another. It can be written as a:b or a/b. Example: If there are 2 boys and 3 girls, the ratio is 2:3. Proportion means that two ratios are equal. Example: If 2:3 = 4:6, then the two ratios are in proportion.

Sets

A set is a collection of distinct (different) objects or items, written inside curly brackets { }. The objects inside a set are called elements. Example: Set of vowels = {a, e, i, o, u} Sets are used to group and organize data in mathematics.

Statistics

Statistics is the branch of mathematics that deals with collecting, organizing, analyzing, and interpreting data. It helps us make decisions or understand information better. Example uses of statistics include finding averages, charts, graphs, and percentages to summarize data.

Transformation and Enlargement

Transformation in mathematics means changing the position or shape of a figure in different ways. The main types are: Translation – sliding a shape without rotating it Reflection – flipping a shape over a line (mirror image) Rotation – turning a shape around a point Enlargement (or dilation) is a type of transformation where a shape is made bigger or smaller while keeping its shape the same. This is done using a scale factor.